Modernization and Westernization are related but distinct concepts, often confused due to their overlapping effects in many societies. Here’s how they differ:

1. Definition

Modernization refers to the process of adopting new technologies, institutions, and practices to improve economic, political, and social development. It is a broad and universal concept that can occur in any society without necessarily adopting Western cultural values.

Westernization is the adoption of cultural, social, political, and economic norms associated with Western countries (primarily Europe and North America). It involves embracing Western lifestyles, clothing, language, governance models, and sometimes even ideologies.

2. Scope

Modernization focuses on technological advancement, industrialization, urbanization, and improved governance. It includes scientific progress, efficient administration, infrastructure development, and better healthcare and education.

Westernization involves cultural aspects such as wearing Western attire, eating fast food, speaking English, celebrating Western festivals, and following Western entertainment and social norms.

3. Dependency on Western Influence

Modernization does not necessarily mean adopting Western values. Countries like Japan, China, and South Korea have modernized while maintaining their unique cultural identities.

Westernization implies a shift towards Western culture, often replacing or overshadowing indigenous traditions.

4. Examples

Modernization Example: India’s use of digital banking, advancements in space technology, and smart city projects without losing its cultural heritage.

Westernization Example: The influence of Hollywood movies, Western fashion brands, and fast-food chains changing local habits and traditions.

5. Impact on Society

Modernization leads to progress in infrastructure, governance, and economic growth, allowing a country to compete globally while preserving its identity.

Westernization may result in cultural erosion, where local traditions and languages decline in favor of Western lifestyles.

Conclusion

Modernization is a global and necessary phenomenon for progress, while Westernization is a cultural shift that is optional and varies by society. A country can modernize without being Westernized, but Westernization often accompanies modernization due to globalization.

The correct answer is: Hunting and gathering.

Explanation:

The Mesolithic period (Middle Stone Age) is characterized by a transitional phase between the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) and Neolithic (New Stone Age). During this period, human societies primarily relied on hunting, gathering, and fishing as their main economic activities. However, they also began experimenting with early forms of domestication and primitive agriculture.

Key Features of the Mesolithic Economy:

1. Hunting and Gathering:
   • The primary source of food was hunting animals and gathering wild plants, nuts, and fruits.
   • Tools like microliths (small, sharp stone tools) were used to make weapons like arrows and harpoons for more efficient hunting.
2. Fishing:
   • Fishing became an important activity, with the development of tools like fish hooks and nets.
3. Early Domestication:
   • While the Mesolithic economy was predominantly based on hunting and gathering, some evidence suggests the beginning of animal domestication (e.g., dogs) and rudimentary agriculture.
4. Seasonal Settlements:
   • People began living in semi-permanent shelters as they exploited resources in specific areas.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

1. Agriculture:
   • Agriculture became the dominant economic activity in the Neolithic period, not the Mesolithic period.
2. Pastoralism:
   • While early domestication began in the Mesolithic period, full-fledged pastoralism emerged later during the Neolithic period.
3. Industry:
   • The concept of industry is associated with much later periods, such as the Industrial Revolution.

Thus, the economy of the Mesolithic period was primarily based on hunting and gathering.