In India, which one of the following Constitutional Amendments was widely believed to be enacted to overcome the judicial interpretations of the Fundamental Rights? ...Read more
Poll Results
Please login to vote and see the results.
The pH scale is a numerical scale used to measure the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a solution. It ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral, values below 7 indicating acidity, and values above 7 indicating alkalinity. Key Points of the pH Scale Definition: pH stands for "potential of hydrogenRead more
The pH scale is a numerical scale used to measure the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a solution. It ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral, values below 7 indicating acidity, and values above 7 indicating alkalinity.
Key Points of the pH Scale
- Definition:
- pH stands for “potential of hydrogen” and is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration () in a solution.
- The pH scale is logarithmic, meaning each whole number change represents a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration.
- Scale Range:
- pH 0 to 6: Acidic solutions have more hydrogen ions () than hydroxide ions ().
- Example: Lemon juice (pH ~2), Vinegar (pH ~3).
- pH 7: Neutral solution, where the concentration of hydrogen ions equals that of hydroxide ions.
- Example: Pure water.
- pH 8 to 14: Basic (alkaline) solutions have more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions.
- Example: Baking soda (pH ~9), Bleach (pH ~12).
- pH 0 to 6: Acidic solutions have more hydrogen ions () than hydroxide ions ().
- Importance:
- pH is crucial in various fields like chemistry, biology, medicine, and agriculture.
- In the human body, the pH of blood is tightly regulated around 7.4. Deviations can indicate health issues.
- Soil pH affects plant growth, as different plants require different pH levels.
- Measuring pH:
- pH can be measured using pH indicators (like litmus paper), pH meters, or universal indicator solutions.
The pH scale helps to understand the chemical nature of substances and their interactions in various environments and biological systems.
See less
The Supreme Court has agreed to review a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) challenging the modifications made to the right to freedom of speech and expression through the First Amendment to the Indian Constitution in 1951. The petitioner claims that this amendment undermines the basic structure doctrRead more
The Supreme Court has agreed to review a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) challenging the modifications made to the right to freedom of speech and expression through the First Amendment to the Indian Constitution in 1951. The petitioner claims that this amendment undermines the basic structure doctrine. In the first year of the Constitution’s implementation, certain judicial decisions, such as the Shankari Prasad case, created challenges, particularly regarding the fundamental rights chapter. To address these issues, Parliament enacted the First Constitutional Amendment, introducing Articles 19(2), 31A, and 31B.
See lessIssues in the first year of the Constitution:
• Some courts interpreted Article 19(1)(a), which guarantees the right to freedom of speech and expression, as so broad that individuals were not held accountable even if they advocated violent crimes, including murder. In contrast, other countries with written constitutions allow restrictions on free speech to prevent misuse.
• Article 19(1)(g), which confers the right to practice any profession or business, is subject to reasonable limitations in the “interests of the general public.” While these terms are broad enough to support state-led nationalization schemes, it was considered necessary to add clarity through a modification to Article 19(6).
• Article 31 also presented unforeseen challenges. Despite clauses (4) and (6) of Article 31, agrarian reform laws passed by state legislatures over the previous three years had faced legal delays, prevented their timely execution and affected large populations.
The First Constitutional Amendment sought primarily to modify Article 19 to address the above concerns, as well as to ensure the constitutional validity of land reform laws, particularly zamindari abolition laws, in various states. Additionally, a few minor changes were proposed to other articles to prevent potential future issues.