Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon in quantum mechanics where two or more particles become interconnected in such a way that the state of one particle instantly affects the state of the other, no matter how far apart they are. This “spooky action at a distance,” as Einstein famously called it, means that the properties of entangled particles are correlated, and changes to one will immediately reflect in the other, even across vast distances.

Key Features of Quantum Entanglement:

1. Non-locality: The effect of one particle on another happens instantaneously, seemingly defying the classical idea that no information can travel faster than the speed of light.
2. Superposition: Each particle in an entangled pair exists in a state of superposition, meaning that its properties (like spin or polarization) are not definite until measured. Once measured, both particles’ states become definite and correlated.
3. Bell’s Theorem: This theory, confirmed by experiments, shows that no local hidden variables can explain the correlations between entangled particles, which means classical physics cannot fully account for this behavior.

Applications:

Quantum entanglement has real-world applications, including:

• Quantum Computing: Entanglement is a key feature in quantum bits (qubits), enabling quantum computers to perform complex calculations more efficiently than classical computers.
• Quantum Cryptography: Entanglement is used in secure communication protocols like quantum key distribution (QKD), which ensures that any attempt to intercept the communication can be detected.
• Teleportation: Quantum entanglement forms the basis of quantum teleportation, where the state of a particle can be transferred to another particle over long distances.

In essence, quantum entanglement defies classical intuition, pointing to the interconnected nature of quantum systems.

In the recent post-pandemic period, central banks worldwide have raised interest rates to combat inflation, which surged due to heightened fiscal spending during COVID-19 and supply chain issues stemming from the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Therefore, Statement 1 is accurate.

The central banks’ decision to increase interest rates aims to raise borrowing costs, leading to a reduction in money supply and, consequently, a decrease in inflation rates. Thus, Statement 2 is also valid.

The rise in interest rates in advanced economies, particularly in the U.S., has negatively impacted the Indian economy, resulting in increased net Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) outflows, significant depreciation of the Rupee, declines in foreign exchange reserves, and rising yield rates. This negative impact on the Indian economy is commonly referred to as “Taper Tantrums.” Consequently, this question was posed within this context.

Therefore, the correct answer is Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I.

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are synthetic chemicals widely employed in industries, mainly for refrigeration and cooling purposes. These man-made compounds were introduced as alternatives to ozone-depleting substances that are being phased out under the Montreal Protocol. HFCs are specifically designed for applications in refrigeration, air-conditioning, aerosol propellants, and insulating foams, with additional, smaller roles in fire protection and as solvents. Unlike some other compounds, HFCs lack lubricating properties. Therefore, the correct option is Only three.

Here’s an explanation for each statement:

1. Some microorganisms can grow in environments with temperatures above the boiling point of water: This is correct. Certain microorganisms, known as thermophiles or hyperthermophiles, can thrive in extremely hot environments, such as hydrothermal vents, where temperatures exceed 100°C (the boiling point of water at sea level).
2. Some microorganisms can grow in environments with temperatures below the freezing point of water: This is correct. Psychrophiles are microorganisms that can grow in extremely cold environments, including those with temperatures below 0°C, such as in polar regions or glaciers.
3. Some microorganisms can grow in a highly acidic environment with a pH below 3: This is correct. Acidophiles are microorganisms that can thrive in highly acidic conditions, including environments with pH levels as low as 1, such as in acid mine drainage or acidic hot springs.

Thus, all three statements are correct. The correct answer is All three.

Let’s analyze each statement to determine its correctness:

1. Some mushrooms have medicinal properties: This is true. Certain mushrooms, such as Reishi and Shiitake, are known for their medicinal benefits, including immune-boosting and anti-inflammatory properties.
2. Some mushrooms have psychoactive properties: This is also true. Psilocybin mushrooms, often called “magic mushrooms,” contain psychoactive compounds that can alter perception and mood.
3. Some mushrooms have insecticidal properties: True. Some fungi, like Beauveria bassiana, produce compounds that act as natural insecticides, infecting and killing various insect species.
4. Some mushrooms have bioluminescent properties: True as well. Certain mushrooms, such as Panellus stipticus and Mycena chlorophos, exhibit bioluminescence and emit a glowing light.

All four statements are correct. Therefore, the correct answer is: All four