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In which one of the following regions was Dhanyakataka, which flourished as a prominent Buddhist centre under the Mahasanghikas, located? ...Read more
In which one of the following regions was Dhanyakataka, which flourished as a prominent Buddhist centre under the Mahasanghikas, located? [2023]
Read lessConsider the following statements: ...Read more
Consider the following statements: [2023]
1. If the election of the President of India is declared void by the Supreme Court of India, all acts done by him/her in the performance of duties of his/her office of President before the date of decision become invalid.2. Election for the post of the President of India can be postponed on the ground that some Legislative Assemblies have been dissolved and elections are yet to take placed
3. When a Bill is presented to the President of India, the Constitution prescribes time limits within which he/she has to declare his/her assent.
Statement 1 is incorrect because, as per Article 71(2) of the Indian Constitution, the actions performed by a person in the capacity of President or Vice-President remain valid even if their election is declared void by the Supreme Court. Article 71(2) explicitly states that such acts shall not be iRead more
Statement 1 is incorrect because, as per Article 71(2) of the Indian Constitution, the actions performed by a person in the capacity of President or Vice-President remain valid even if their election is declared void by the Supreme Court. Article 71(2) explicitly states that such acts shall not be invalidated due to the court’s declaration. It reads: “If the election of a person as President or Vice-President is declared void by the Supreme Court, acts done by him in the exercise and performance of the powers and duties of the office of President or Vice-President, as the case may be, on or before the date of the decision of the Supreme Court shall not be invalidated by reason of that declaration.”
Statement 2 is also incorrect. The Constitution of India does not have any provision allowing for the postponement of the Presidential election due to the dissolution of some Legislative Assemblies. The election must be held within the prescribed time, regardless of such dissolutions.
Statement 3 is incorrect because Article 111 of the Constitution, which outlines the process of granting or withholding assent to bills, does not impose a specific time limit for the President to act on a bill. Article 111 states: “When a Bill has been passed by the Houses of Parliament, it shall be presented to the President, and the President shall declare either that he assents to the Bill, or that he withholds assent therefrom.” There is no mention of a time frame within which the President is required to make this decision. The President may, however, return a non-Money Bill for reconsideration by Parliament, but even here, the Constitution does not set a specific deadline for the President’s assent.
See lessIn India, which one of the following Constitutional Amendments was widely believed to be enacted to overcome the judicial interpretations of the Fundamental Rights? ...Read more
In India, which one of the following Constitutional Amendments was widely believed to be enacted to overcome the judicial interpretations of the Fundamental Rights? [2023]
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The Supreme Court has agreed to review a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) challenging the modifications made to the right to freedom of speech and expression through the First Amendment to the Indian Constitution in 1951. The petitioner claims that this amendment undermines the basic structure doctrRead more
The Supreme Court has agreed to review a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) challenging the modifications made to the right to freedom of speech and expression through the First Amendment to the Indian Constitution in 1951. The petitioner claims that this amendment undermines the basic structure doctrine. In the first year of the Constitution’s implementation, certain judicial decisions, such as the Shankari Prasad case, created challenges, particularly regarding the fundamental rights chapter. To address these issues, Parliament enacted the First Constitutional Amendment, introducing Articles 19(2), 31A, and 31B.
Issues in the first year of the Constitution:
• Some courts interpreted Article 19(1)(a), which guarantees the right to freedom of speech and expression, as so broad that individuals were not held accountable even if they advocated violent crimes, including murder. In contrast, other countries with written constitutions allow restrictions on free speech to prevent misuse.
• Article 19(1)(g), which confers the right to practice any profession or business, is subject to reasonable limitations in the “interests of the general public.” While these terms are broad enough to support state-led nationalization schemes, it was considered necessary to add clarity through a modification to Article 19(6).
• Article 31 also presented unforeseen challenges. Despite clauses (4) and (6) of Article 31, agrarian reform laws passed by state legislatures over the previous three years had faced legal delays, prevented their timely execution and affected large populations.
The First Constitutional Amendment sought primarily to modify Article 19 to address the above concerns, as well as to ensure the constitutional validity of land reform laws, particularly zamindari abolition laws, in various states. Additionally, a few minor changes were proposed to other articles to prevent potential future issues.
Consider the following statements: ...Read more
Consider the following statements: [2023]
Statement-I: The Supreme Court of India has held in some judgements that the reservation policies made under Article 16(4) of the Constitution of India would be limited by Article 335 for maintenance of efficiency of administration.
Statement-II: Article 335 of the Constitution of India defines the term ‘efficiency of administration’.
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Let's analyze the statements: Statement I: The Supreme Court of India has held in some judgments that reservation policies made under Article 16(4) would be limited by Article 335 to maintain the efficiency of administration. This is correct. The Supreme Court, in various rulings (such as the IndraRead more
Let’s analyze the statements:
Statement I:
The Supreme Court of India has held in some judgments that reservation policies made under Article 16(4) would be limited by Article 335 to maintain the efficiency of administration.
This is correct. The Supreme Court, in various rulings (such as the Indra Sawhney case), has emphasized that while Article 16(4) provides for reservations in public employment, it must be balanced with Article 335, which states that the claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes must be consistent with maintaining the efficiency of administration.
Statement II:
Article 335 defines the term “efficiency of administration.”
This is incorrect. Article 335 does not define “efficiency of administration.” It only mentions that the claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes should be taken into consideration, consistent with the maintenance of efficiency of administration. However, it does not provide a definition of “efficiency.”
Correct answer:
Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
The concepts of "due process of law" and "natural justice" are often linked in legal discussions, though they emphasize slightly different aspects of fairness. Both are integral to ensuring justice but focus on distinct legal protections. Due process of law is a fundamental legal principle that guarRead more
The concepts of “due process of law” and “natural justice” are often linked in legal discussions, though they emphasize slightly different aspects of fairness. Both are integral to ensuring justice but focus on distinct legal protections. Due process of law is a fundamental legal principle that guarantees individuals the right to fair treatment by the legal system. It ensures that no one can be deprived of life, liberty, or property without proper legal procedures. This includes the right to be informed of any allegations and the opportunity to defend oneself in a fair and unbiased setting. Due process is a cornerstone of legal systems worldwide, often enshrined in constitutions to safeguard individual rights. Natural justice, on the other hand, specifically governs the fairness of administrative and judicial proceedings. It revolves around two key principles: the rule against bias and the right to a fair hearing.
In essence, due process of law provides a comprehensive legal framework that includes natural justice as a critical component. While due process focuses on broader legal protections, natural justice zeroes in on ensuring fairness and impartiality in specific proceedings. Together, they are vital to upholding justice and protecting individual rights within legal systems worldwide. The correct answer is: The principle of natural justice.
See lessConsider the following organizations/ bodies in India: [2023]1. The National Commission ...Read more
Consider the following organizations/ bodies in India: [2023]
1. The National Commission for Backward Classes
2. The National Human Rights Commission
3. The National Law Commissions
4. The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
The correct answer is Only one. Explanation: Out of the given organizations/bodies, only the National Commission for Backward Classes is a constitutional body. It was given constitutional status by the 102nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2018, under Article 338B. The National Human Rights CommissionRead more
The correct answer is Only one.
Explanation: Out of the given organizations/bodies, only the National Commission for Backward Classes is a constitutional body. It was given constitutional status by the 102nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 2018, under Article 338B.
Thus, only one of the listed bodies is a constitutional body.
See lessConsider the following: ...Read more
Consider the following: [2023]
1. Demographic performance
2. Forest and ecology
3. Governance reforms
4. Stable government
5. Tax and fiscal efforts
For the horizontal tax devolution, the Fifteenth Finance Commission used how many of the above as criteria other than population area and income distance?
The correct answer is Only three. For horizontal tax devolution, the Fifteenth Finance Commission used the following criteria in addition to population, area, and income distance: Demographic performance: Yes, this was used as a criterion. Forest and ecology: Yes, this was used as a criterion. GoverRead more
The correct answer is Only three. For horizontal tax devolution, the Fifteenth Finance Commission used the following criteria in addition to population, area, and income distance:
Thus, three of the given criteria (Demographic performance, Forest and ecology, Tax and fiscal efforts) were used.
See lessWith reference to Finance Bill and Money Bill in the Indian Parliament, consider the following statements: ...Read more
With reference to Finance Bill and Money Bill in the Indian Parliament, consider the following statements: [2023]
1. When the Lok Sabha transmits Finance Bill to the Rajya Sabha, it can amend or reject the Bill.
2. When the Lok Sabha transmits Money Bill to the Rajya Sabha, it cannot amend or reject the Bill, it can only make recommendations.
3. In the case of disagreement between the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, there is no joint sitting for Money Bill, but a joint sitting becomes necessary for Finance Bill.
Here is the analysis of the three statements: Statement 1: "When the Lok Sabha transmits Finance Bill to the Rajya Sabha, it can amend or reject the Bill." This statement is incorrect because, as per the text, a Finance Bill is a Money Bill, and the Rajya Sabha cannot amend or reject it. The Rajya SRead more
Here is the analysis of the three statements:
Conclusion:
Thus, the correct answer is Only one.
See lessWith reference to ancient India, consider the following statements: [2023] 1. The concept of Stupa is Buddhist ...Read more
With reference to ancient India, consider the following statements: [2023]
1. The concept of Stupa is Buddhist in origin.
2. Stupa was, generally, a repository of relics.
3. Stupa was a votive and commemorative structure in Buddhist tradition.
Let's review the statements: The concept of Stupa is Buddhist in origin – This statement is incorrect. The tradition of building funerary mounds existed before Buddhism, though stupas became closely associated with Buddhist architecture and practices. Stupa was, generally, a repository of relics – TRead more
Let’s review the statements:
Corrected Answer:
Only two statements are correct.
See lessWith reference to ‘Scheduled Areas’ in India, consider the following statements: [2023]1. Within a State, the notification of an area as Scheduled Area takes place through an Order of the President.Read more
With reference to ‘Scheduled Areas’ in India, consider the following statements: [2023]
1. Within a State, the notification of an area as Scheduled Area takes place through an Order of the President.
2. The largest administrative unit forming the Scheduled Area is the District and the lowest is the cluster of villages in the Block.
3. The Chief Ministers of the concerned States are required to submit annual reports to the Union Home Ministry on the administration of Scheduled Areas in the States.
Statement 1 is accurate since, under Schedule V (Article 244) of the Indian Constitution, the President is empowered to declare specific regions as Scheduled Areas. Paragraph VI of the Fifth Schedule explicitly states that the term "Scheduled Areas" refers to those areas that the President may declaRead more
Statement 1 is accurate since, under Schedule V (Article 244) of the Indian Constitution, the President is empowered to declare specific regions as Scheduled Areas. Paragraph VI of the Fifth Schedule explicitly states that the term “Scheduled Areas” refers to those areas that the President may declare through an official order.
Statement 2 is also correct. In April 2018, the Union Cabinet approved the declaration of certain areas in Rajasthan as Scheduled Areas under the Fifth Schedule. This included three entire districts—Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh—along with nine complete tehsils, one block, and 46 full gram panchayats across multiple districts like Udaipur, Rajsamand, Chittorgarh, Pali, and Sirohi. It is important to note that while a block can consist of a cluster of villages, individual villages from within a block can be grouped together to form the smallest administrative unit within the Scheduled Areas framework.
Statement 3 is incorrect. According to the Constitution, the Governor of a state with Scheduled Areas is responsible for submitting annual reports to the President regarding the management and governance of those areas. Additionally, the President may require such a report at any time. Furthermore, the Union Government holds the authority to issue directions to state governments regarding the administration of these areas.
Therefore, the correct answer is Only two.
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Dhanyakataka was a significant ancient city that emerged as a prominent Buddhist center, particularly under the Mahasanghikas, an early Buddhist sect. This city is primarily associated with the region of Andhra. Historical Context Location and Significance: Dhanyakataka is believed to have been locaRead more
Dhanyakataka was a significant ancient city that emerged as a prominent Buddhist center, particularly under the Mahasanghikas, an early Buddhist sect. This city is primarily associated with the region of Andhra.
Historical Context
The correct answer to the question “In which one of the following regions was Dhanyakataka, which flourished as a prominent Buddhist center under the Mahasanghikas, located?” is Andhra. The city’s historical and cultural significance, combined with its role as a center of Buddhist learning and practice, highlights its importance in the broader context of Indian history and the spread of Buddhism.
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