What is the difference between RNA and DNA?

The key differences between RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) and DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) are in their structure, function, and role in cellular processes:

1. Structure:

DNA:

Double-stranded helix.

Contains the sugar deoxyribose.

Has the bases adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).

RNA:

Single-stranded.

Contains the sugar ribose.

Has the bases adenine (A), uracil (U) (instead of thymine), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).

2. Function:

DNA:

Stores and transmits genetic information.

Acts as a blueprint for the synthesis of proteins.

RNA:

Plays a role in protein synthesis.

Types of RNA include:

mRNA (messenger RNA): Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes.

tRNA (transfer RNA): Brings amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.

rRNA (ribosomal RNA): Forms part of ribosomes.

3. Location:

DNA:

Found mainly in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

RNA:

Found both in the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

4. Stability:

DNA:

More stable due to its double-stranded structure and the presence of deoxyribose.

RNA:

Less stable and more prone to degradation because it is single-stranded and contains ribose.

5. Length:

DNA:

Longer and contains the entire genetic code of an organism.

RNA:

Shorter, typically a copy of a single gene or a set of instructions for one protein.

These differences enable DNA to serve as the long-term storage of genetic information, while RNA plays a crucial role in the synthesis of proteins and the regulation of gene expression.