बेरोजगारी से निपटने के लिए सरकार को कौन से कदम उठाने चाहिए?

To effectively address unemployment, governments can implement a comprehensive strategy that includes the following measures:

1. Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs): These programs assist the unemployed in finding work through vocational training, job search assistance, wage subsidies, and support for self-employment. Such policies have been effective in various countries, including those in Scandinavia, where they are a prominent part of economic policy.
2. Unemployment Insurance and Support Programs: Providing financial assistance to unemployed individuals helps stabilize household consumption and offers a safety net during job transitions. For instance, during economic downturns, enhanced unemployment programs have significantly increased the coverage, duration, and adequacy of unemployment benefits compared to regular unemployment insurance.
3. Vocational Training and Education: Investing in education and training programs equips the workforce with skills relevant to current and future job markets. This approach addresses structural unemployment by aligning workers’ skills with industry demands. Retraining programs can help unemployed individuals acquire skills needed in emerging sectors.
4. Employment Subsidies and Tax Incentives: Offering subsidies or tax reductions to employers can encourage the hiring of unemployed individuals. For example, reducing employer national insurance contributions for young workers can incentivize businesses to create more job opportunities.
5. Support for Self-Employment and Entrepreneurship: Facilitating access to capital and resources for individuals to start their own businesses can create new employment opportunities. Programs that provide collateral-free loans to micro and small enterprises promote self-employment and stimulate economic growth.
6. Labour Market Reforms: Implementing policies that enhance labor market flexibility can reduce unemployment. This includes reforms that make it easier for businesses to hire and adjust their workforce according to economic conditions. For example, reducing the power of trade unions in wage negotiations can help align wages with market conditions, potentially reducing real wage unemployment.
7. Economic Stimulus Measures: Investing in infrastructure projects and other public works can create jobs and stimulate economic growth. Such measures provide immediate employment opportunities while contributing to long-term economic development.
8. Support for Disadvantaged Groups: Tailoring programs to assist groups disproportionately affected by unemployment, such as youth, the elderly, or marginalized communities, can promote inclusive employment growth. Providing targeted training and employment services helps these groups integrate into the labor market.

Implementing a combination of these measures, tailored to the specific economic and social context of a country, can effectively reduce unemployment and promote sustainable economic growth.