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Arshe Alam
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Arshe AlamBeginner
Asked: 4 months agoIn: Science

the most smallest bone in human being

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the most smallest bone in human being

the most smallest bone in human being

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  1. Pankaj Gupta
    Pankaj Gupta Scholar
    Added an answer about 4 months ago

    The smallest bone in the human body is the stapes bone, located in the middle ear. It is part of the ossicles, which are three tiny bones responsible for transmitting sound vibrations from the air to the inner ear. The stapes bone is roughly 0.1 inches (2.5 millimeters) in length and weighs only a fRead more

    The smallest bone in the human body is the stapes bone, located in the middle ear. It is part of the ossicles, which are three tiny bones responsible for transmitting sound vibrations from the air to the inner ear. The stapes bone is roughly 0.1 inches (2.5 millimeters) in length and weighs only a few milligrams. Despite its small size, it plays a crucial role in hearing by transferring sound from the eardrum to the cochlea in the inner ear.

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Nitin
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NitinBeginner
Asked: 4 months agoIn: Chemistry

What are the different types of chemical bonds?

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What are the different types of chemical bonds?

What are the different types of chemical bonds?

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types of chemical bonds
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  1. Pankaj Gupta
    Pankaj Gupta Scholar
    Added an answer about 4 months ago

    Chemical bonds are the forces that hold atoms together to form molecules and compounds. There are several types of chemical bonds, each with unique properties and roles in chemical structures. The primary types include: Ionic Bond Definition: Formed when one atom transfers one or more electrons to aRead more

    Chemical bonds are the forces that hold atoms together to form molecules and compounds. There are several types of chemical bonds, each with unique properties and roles in chemical structures. The primary types include:

    • Ionic Bond
      • Definition: Formed when one atom transfers one or more electrons to another atom, resulting in the formation of oppositely charged ions.
      • Example: Sodium chloride (NaCl) is formed when sodium (Na) donates an electron to chlorine (Cl), creating Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions.
    • Covalent Bond
      • Definition: Involves the sharing of electrons between atoms to achieve a full outer shell of electrons.
      • Types:
        • Single Covalent Bond: Sharing of one pair of electrons (e.g., H₂).
        • Double Covalent Bond: Sharing of two pairs of electrons (e.g., O₂).
        • Triple Covalent Bond: Sharing of three pairs of electrons (e.g., N₂).
      • Example: Water (H₂O), where oxygen shares electrons with two hydrogen atoms.
    • Polar Covalent Bond
      • Definition: A type of covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally between atoms, leading to a slight charge separation.
      • Example: In water (H₂O), the oxygen atom attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen, creating a polar molecule.
    • Hydrogen Bond
      • Definition: A weak bond that occurs when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a more electronegative atom, like oxygen or nitrogen, is attracted to another electronegative atom.
      • Example: The hydrogen bonds between water molecules give water its unique properties like high boiling point and surface tension.
    • Metallic Bond
      • Definition: Found in metals, where electrons are shared in a “sea” of electrons that flow freely around metal cations, providing properties like conductivity and malleability.
      • Example: In a metal like copper (Cu), metallic bonds hold the metal atoms together.
    • Van der Waals Forces
      • Definition: Weak, short-range forces between molecules due to transient polarization of their electron clouds.
      • Types:
        • London Dispersion Forces: Present in all molecules, especially non-polar ones.
        • Dipole-Dipole Interactions: Occur between molecules with permanent dipoles.
      • Example: The attraction between non-polar molecules like methane (CH₄) due to temporary dipoles.

      Each type of bond plays a crucial role in determining the properties and behavior of different substances. Understanding these bonds is essential for studying chemical reactions and the formation of various materials.

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    AVG
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    AVGExplorer
    Asked: 4 months agoIn: Zoology

    What were the different types Dinosaurs present on the earth?

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    What were the different types Dinosaurs present on the earth?

    What were the different types Dinosaurs present on the earth?

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    dinosaurtype of dinosaur
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    1. Pankaj Gupta
      Pankaj Gupta Scholar
      Added an answer about 4 months ago

      Dinosaurs were incredibly diverse and can be categorized into various types based on their physical characteristics, diet, and evolutionary lineage. Here's an overview of the main types of dinosaurs: Theropods Diet: Carnivorous (meat-eating). Characteristics: Bipedal, with sharp teeth and claws. ExaRead more

      Dinosaurs were incredibly diverse and can be categorized into various types based on their physical characteristics, diet, and evolutionary lineage. Here’s an overview of the main types of dinosaurs:

      • Theropods
        • Diet: Carnivorous (meat-eating).
        • Characteristics: Bipedal, with sharp teeth and claws.
        • Examples:
          • Tyrannosaurus rex – One of the most famous large predators.
          • Velociraptor – Smaller, agile predator.
          • Allosaurus – A large predator similar to T. rex.
      • Sauropods
        • Diet: Herbivorous (plant-eating).
        • Characteristics: Long necks, long tails, and massive bodies; walked on all fours.
        • Examples:
          • Brachiosaurus – Known for its long neck and large size.
          • Apatosaurus – Formerly known as Brontosaurus, known for its immense size.
          • Diplodocus – Noted for its long, whip-like tail.
      • Ornithopods
        • Diet: Herbivorous.
        • Characteristics: Bipedal or quadrupedal, with beaked mouths.
        • Examples:
          • Iguanodon – One of the first dinosaurs discovered, known for its thumb spike.
          • Hadrosaurus – A type of duck-billed dinosaur.
          • Parasaurolophus – Recognized for its long, curved cranial crest.
      • Ceratopsians
        • Diet: Herbivorous.
        • Characteristics: Quadrupedal, with beaked mouths and often with horns and frills on their heads.
        • Examples:
          • Triceratops – Famous for its three facial horns and large frill.
          • Styracosaurus – Noted for its long nasal horn and spiked frill.
      • Stegosaurs
        • Diet: Herbivorous.
        • Characteristics: Quadrupedal, with distinctive plates along their backs and spiked tails.
        • Examples:
          • Stegosaurus – Known for its double row of plates and tail spikes, called thagomizers.
      • Ankylosaurs
        • Diet: Herbivorous.
        • Characteristics: Quadrupedal, with heavy armor plating and often a clubbed tail.
        • Examples:
          • Ankylosaurus – Recognized for its armored body and tail club.
      • Pachycephalosaurs
        • Diet: Herbivorous or omnivorous.
        • Characteristics: Bipedal, with thick, dome-shaped skulls.
        • Examples:
          • Pachycephalosaurus – Known for its thick skull, possibly used in head-butting behavior.

        These types highlight the incredible variety among dinosaurs, showcasing their adaptations to different environments and niches during the Mesozoic Era.

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      Arshe Alam
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      Arshe AlamBeginner
      Asked: 4 months agoIn: Science

      How are my bones in prenatal stage?

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      How are my bones in prenatal stage?

      How are my bones in prenatal stage?

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      #anatomy
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      1. Pankaj Gupta
        Pankaj Gupta Scholar
        Added an answer about 4 months ago

        In the prenatal stage, your bones undergo a fascinating transformation as part of fetal development. Here's how your bones develop during this time: Mesenchymal Stage (Week 5-7) Formation of Mesenchyme: In early development, your skeleton starts as mesenchyme, a type of loose connective tissue madeRead more

        In the prenatal stage, your bones undergo a fascinating transformation as part of fetal development. Here’s how your bones develop during this time:

        • Mesenchymal Stage (Week 5-7)
          • Formation of Mesenchyme: In early development, your skeleton starts as mesenchyme, a type of loose connective tissue made of mesenchymal cells.
          • Cartilage Model Formation: These mesenchymal cells begin to differentiate into chondroblasts, which form a cartilaginous framework or model for most of your future bones.
        • Cartilage Stage (Week 7-12)
          • Cartilage Development: The cartilaginous framework continues to grow and shape into the form of bones. This cartilage serves as a precursor to actual bones, especially for most long bones in the body.
          • Ossification Centers Appear: Primary ossification centers start forming in the middle of the bones (diaphysis) where bone tissue begins to replace cartilage.
        • Ossification Stage (Week 12 and Onwards)
          • Endochondral Ossification: Most bones in your body form through this process, where the cartilage is gradually replaced by bone tissue. It begins in the diaphysis and later progresses to the ends of the bones (epiphysis).
          • Intramembranous Ossification: Flat bones, like the skull and clavicles, develop directly from mesenchymal tissue without a cartilage stage. Osteoblasts create bone tissue directly.
          • Bone Growth: Bones lengthen and harden through the continuous replacement of cartilage with bone tissue, which continues even after birth until early adulthood.
        • Completion of Prenatal Bone Development
          • By the time of birth, much of the cartilage has been replaced with bone, but certain areas, such as the growth plates (epiphyseal plates), remain cartilaginous to allow for postnatal growth.
          • Fontanelles: In the skull, soft spots (fontanelles) remain to allow the skull to compress during birth and accommodate brain growth in infancy.

          This step-by-step transformation ensures that your bones are well-formed, strong, and capable of supporting your body after birth, while still allowing flexibility for growth and development.

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        Aditya Gupta
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        Aditya GuptaScholar
        Asked: 4 months agoIn: Science

        How can advancements in vaccine development and antiviral therapies mitigate …

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        How can advancements in vaccine development and antiviral therapies mitigate the global burden of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infections?”

        How can advancements in vaccine development and antiviral therapies mitigate the global burden of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infections?”

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        1. Pankaj Gupta
          Pankaj Gupta Scholar
          Added an answer about 4 months ago
          This answer was edited.

          Advancements in vaccine development and antiviral therapies can significantly mitigate the global burden of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infections in several ways: Prevention through Vaccination Development of Effective Vaccines: Creating vaccines that target HMPV can reduce the incidence of infectRead more

          Advancements in vaccine development and antiviral therapies can significantly mitigate the global burden of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infections in several ways:

          • Prevention through Vaccination
            • Development of Effective Vaccines: Creating vaccines that target HMPV can reduce the incidence of infections, particularly in high-risk populations such as young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.
            • Herd Immunity: Widespread vaccination can lead to herd immunity, indirectly protecting those who cannot be vaccinated or those for whom the vaccine is less effective.
          • Reduction in Disease Severity
            • Antiviral Therapies: Effective antiviral treatments can decrease the severity of HMPV infections, leading to fewer complications, hospitalizations, and deaths.
            • Early Intervention: With advanced antiviral drugs, early treatment can prevent the progression of the disease, improving patient outcomes.
          • Lower Healthcare Costs
            • Fewer Hospitalizations: By preventing severe cases through vaccination and managing symptoms effectively with antiviral therapies, the burden on healthcare systems can be reduced.
            • Shortened Disease Duration: Effective treatments can shorten the duration of illness, leading to quicker recoveries and less time off work or school.
          • Improved Public Health Response
            • Rapid Deployment of Treatments: Advanced antiviral drugs can be quickly deployed during outbreaks, controlling the spread of the virus.
            • Surveillance and Control: Enhanced vaccines and therapies can be integrated into public health strategies, improving the monitoring and control of HMPV infections.
          • Research and Development
            • Continuous Improvement: Ongoing research into HMPV vaccines and antiviral therapies ensures the development of more effective and safer options.
            • Combination Therapies: Future advancements may lead to combination therapies that offer both preventive and curative benefits, further reducing the global burden.

          Overall, advancements in vaccine development and antiviral therapies are crucial in reducing the incidence, severity, and economic impact of HMPV infections, contributing to better global health outcomes.

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        Vaishnavi
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        VaishnaviExplorer
        Asked: 4 months agoIn: Science

        discuss the working of heart in detail

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        discuss the working of heart in detail

        discuss the working of heart in detail

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        1. Pankaj Gupta
          Pankaj Gupta Scholar
          Added an answer about 4 months ago
          This answer was edited.

          The heart is a muscular organ that functions as the central component of the circulatory system, responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. Its primary role is to supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes. The heart operates in a highly coordRead more

          The heart is a muscular organ that functions as the central component of the circulatory system, responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. Its primary role is to supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues and remove carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes. The heart operates in a highly coordinated manner, with distinct phases of contraction and relaxation. Here’s a detailed discussion on how the heart works:

          Basic Structure of the Heart

          The heart consists of four chambers:

          • Right Atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava.
          • Right Ventricle: Pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery for oxygenation.
          • Left Atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins.
          • Left Ventricle: Pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body through the aorta.

          The heart also contains several valves that control the flow of blood and prevent backflow:

          • Tricuspid Valve: Between the right atrium and right ventricle.
          • Pulmonary Valve: Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
          • Mitral Valve: Between the left atrium and left ventricle.
          • Aortic Valve: Between the left ventricle and the aorta.

          How the Heart Works: The Cardiac Cycle

          The heart works through a continuous cycle of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole). The cycle ensures that blood flows in the right direction and is efficiently pumped throughout the body.

          • Atrial Contraction (Systole) and Ventricular Filling:
            • The cycle begins with the atria (right and left) filling with blood coming from the body and lungs, respectively.
            • The atrial muscles contract, pushing blood into the ventricles (right and left).
            • This phase is known as atrial systole, and it completes the filling of the ventricles with blood.
          • Ventricular Contraction (Systole):
            • Once the ventricles are full, they begin to contract (ventricular systole).
            • The tricuspid valve and mitral valve close to prevent blood from flowing back into the atria.
            • As the ventricles contract, the pulmonary valve opens, allowing blood to flow from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary artery, where it gets oxygenated.
            • The aortic valve opens, and blood is pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta, the largest artery, and then distributed throughout the body.
          • Ventricular Relaxation (Diastole):
            • After the ventricles pump out blood, they relax in a phase called ventricular diastole.
            • The aortic and pulmonary valves close to prevent backflow into the ventricles.
            • During diastole, the atria are relaxed and filling with blood again. As the atrial pressure rises, the tricuspid and mitral valves open, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles.
          • Cardiac Output:
            • Cardiac output is the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute. It is determined by two factors:
              • Heart rate (beats per minute)
              • Stroke volume (amount of blood pumped with each beat)
            • Cardiac Output = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume.

          Electrical Activity of the Heart

          The heart’s pumping action is controlled by an electrical system that ensures the chambers contract in a coordinated manner. The major components of this system are:

          • Sinoatrial (SA) Node: Located in the right atrium, this is the heart’s natural pacemaker. It generates electrical impulses that initiate each heartbeat and set the rhythm of the heart.
          • Atrioventricular (AV) Node: This node is located between the atria and ventricles. It briefly delays the electrical signal to allow the atria to fully contract before the ventricles contract.
          • Bundle of His: The electrical impulse moves from the AV node to the Bundle of His, which transmits the signal to the ventricles.
          • Purkinje Fibers: These fibers distribute the electrical impulse throughout the ventricles, causing them to contract.

          Blood Flow Through the Heart: Step-by-Step Process

             

          • Deoxygenated Blood from the Body:
            • Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium through the superior and inferior vena cava.
          • Right Atrium to Right Ventricle:
            • When the right atrium contracts, blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
          • Right Ventricle to Lungs:
            • Upon ventricular contraction, blood is pumped through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery and sent to the lungs for oxygenation.
          • Oxygenated Blood from the Lungs:
            • Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs via the pulmonary veins into the left atrium.
          • Left Atrium to Left Ventricle:
            • The left atrium contracts, and blood flows through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
          • Left Ventricle to the Rest of the Body:
            • The left ventricle, which is the strongest chamber, contracts and pumps oxygen-rich blood through the aortic valve into the aorta and distributes it throughout the body.

          Regulation of Heart Rate

          The heart rate is controlled by a combination of:

          • Autonomic Nervous System:
            • Sympathetic Nervous System: Increases heart rate during stress, exercise, or excitement (“fight or flight”).
            • Parasympathetic Nervous System: Decreases heart rate, promoting relaxation (“rest and digest”).
          • Hormones:
            • Adrenaline (epinephrine) increases heart rate during stressful situations.
            • Thyroid hormones also influence heart rate, with higher levels speeding up the heart.
          • Baroreceptors:
            • Located in blood vessels, they monitor blood pressure and send signals to the brain to adjust the heart rate accordingly.

          Heart Health and Disorders

          The heart can be affected by various diseases and conditions, including:

          • Coronary artery disease: Blockage of the arteries supplying blood to the heart.
          • Arrhythmia: Irregular heart rhythms, often due to electrical issues in the heart.
          • Heart failure: When the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently.
          • Hypertension: High blood pressure that puts extra strain on the heart.
          • Heart attack: Occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked.

          Conclusion

          The heart functions as a pump that circulates blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients while removing waste products. Its intricate structure, along with its electrical and mechanical coordination, allows it to operate efficiently. Proper heart function is vital for overall health, and any disturbances in its working can lead to serious health conditions.

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        Vaishnavi
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        VaishnaviExplorer
        Asked: 4 months agoIn: Science

        Explain the 3 classes of levers

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        Explain the 3 classes of levers

        Explain the 3 classes of levers

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        1. [Deleted User]
          [Deleted User]
          Added an answer about 4 months ago

          Lever is the force placed between the fulcrum and the load. If the load is closer to the fulcrum, researchers of movement in the load require less force. If the force is closer to the fulcrum, movement of the load requires more force.

          Lever is the force placed between the fulcrum and the load. If the load is closer to the fulcrum, researchers of movement in the load require less force. If the force is closer to the fulcrum, movement of the load requires more force.

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        Pankaj Gupta
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        Poll
        Pankaj GuptaScholar
        Asked: 4 months agoIn: Science, UPSC

        Which of the given statements regarding the missiles is/are correct?

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        Consider the following statements:                                                                          ...Read more

        Consider the following statements:                                                                                                       [2023]
        1.  Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their flights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of flight.
        2.  Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile.

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        sciencetechnologyupsc pre 2023
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        1. Pankaj Gupta
          Pankaj Gupta Scholar
          Added an answer about 4 months ago

          Let's evaluate the two statements: Statement 1: Ballistic missiles are typically rocket-propelled and follow a parabolic trajectory that reaches the upper atmosphere before re-entering and hitting the target at high speeds, often supersonic or hypersonic. Cruise missiles, on the other hand, are typiRead more

          Let’s evaluate the two statements:

          Statement 1:

          • Ballistic missiles are typically rocket-propelled and follow a parabolic trajectory that reaches the upper atmosphere before re-entering and hitting the target at high speeds, often supersonic or hypersonic.
          • Cruise missiles, on the other hand, are typically powered by jet engines throughout their flight, allowing them to travel at subsonic or supersonic speeds, depending on the type of missile. They do not rely on rockets for propulsion after launch.

          The statement that ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their flight and cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase is incorrect. In fact, it should be the other way around: Ballistic missiles are rocket-propelled throughout their flight, while cruise missiles are jet-powered for most of their flight.

          Statement 2:

          • Agni-V is a long-range ballistic missile, not a cruise missile. It is capable of carrying nuclear warheads and has a range of around 5,000 km, making it an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM).
          • BrahMos is a supersonic cruise missile, not an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). It is a joint venture between India and Russia and is one of the fastest cruise missiles in the world.

          Therefore, Statement 2 is also incorrect.

          Conclusion:

          Both statements are incorrect.

          The correct answer is: Neither 1 nor 2.

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        Pankaj Gupta
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        Poll
        Pankaj GuptaScholar
        Asked: 4 months agoIn: Science, UPSC

        Which one of the following countries has its own Satellite Navigation System?

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        Which one of the following countries has its own Satellite Navigation System?                              [2023]

        Which one of the following countries has its own Satellite Navigation System?                              [2023]

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        sciencetechnologyupsc pre 2023
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        1. Pankaj Gupta
          Pankaj Gupta Scholar
          Added an answer about 4 months ago

          The country that has its own satellite navigation system is Japan. Japan's satellite navigation system is called QZSS (Quasi-Zenith Satellite System), which provides satellite-based positioning and timing information, mainly in the Asia-Pacific region. Australia, Canada, and Israel do not have theirRead more

          The country that has its own satellite navigation system is Japan. Japan’s satellite navigation system is called QZSS (Quasi-Zenith Satellite System), which provides satellite-based positioning and timing information, mainly in the Asia-Pacific region.

          • Australia, Canada, and Israel do not have their own independent satellite navigation systems like Japan.

          So, the correct answer is: Japan.

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        Pankaj Gupta
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        Pankaj GuptaScholar
        Asked: 4 months agoIn: Geography, Science, UPSC

        How many of the given pairs of objects in the space and their descriptions are correctly matched?

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        Consider the following pairs:                                                                          ...Read more

        Consider the following pairs:                                                                                                                 [2023]

        S.noObjects in spaceDescription
        1CepheidsGiant cloud of dust and gas in space
        2NebulaeStars which brighten and dim periodically
        3PulsarsNeutron stars that are formed when massive stars run out of fuel and collapse
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        geographyscienceupsc pre 2023
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        1. Pankaj Gupta
          Pankaj Gupta Scholar
          Added an answer about 4 months ago

          Let's evaluate the pairs one by one: Cepheids: These are stars that brighten and dim periodically due to changes in their size and temperature. The description in the pair refers to stars and not to giant clouds of dust and gas. Hence, this pair is incorrect. Nebulae: Nebulae are giant clouds of dusRead more

          Let’s evaluate the pairs one by one:

          1. Cepheids: These are stars that brighten and dim periodically due to changes in their size and temperature. The description in the pair refers to stars and not to giant clouds of dust and gas. Hence, this pair is incorrect.
          2. Nebulae: Nebulae are giant clouds of dust and gas in space, not stars that brighten and dim periodically. The description in the pair is incorrect. Hence, this pair is incorrect.
          3. Pulsars: Pulsars are indeed neutron stars that emit beams of radiation, and they are formed when massive stars run out of fuel and collapse. The description in the pair is accurate. Hence, this pair is correct.

          Therefore, only one of the pairs is correctly matched.

          The answer is: Only one.

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