Geography

South America, with its diverse climate zones and ecosystems, is home to a wide variety of natural vegetation types. These vegetation zones are influenced by factors such as latitude, altitude, rainfall, and temperature. The main natural vegetation types found across the continent include:

1. Tropical Rainforests

• Location: Primarily found in the Amazon Basin, covering large parts of Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and other countries.
• Characteristics: Dense, evergreen forests with high biodiversity. These forests receive heavy rainfall throughout the year, resulting in lush, thick vegetation with towering trees, vines, and a variety of plant species like orchids, ferns, and hardwood trees.
• Significance: The Amazon Rainforest is often referred to as the “lungs of the Earth” because it produces a significant amount of the planet’s oxygen and is vital for global climate regulation.

2. Tropical Grasslands (Savannas)

• Location: Found in regions of northern and central South America, particularly in Venezuela (the Llanos), Colombia, and parts of Brazil (the Cerrado).
• Characteristics: These are vast plains dominated by grasses and scattered trees. They experience a distinct wet and dry season, with more precipitation than deserts but less than tropical rainforests.
• Significance: Savannas support a variety of wildlife, including large herbivores, and are crucial for agriculture, especially cattle ranching.

3. Desert Vegetation

• Location: The Atacama Desert in Chile and coastal deserts in Peru and Argentina.
• Characteristics: Extremely dry conditions with very little rainfall. Vegetation is sparse and consists of drought-resistant plants like cacti, succulents, and small shrubs.
• Significance: Desert plants have unique adaptations to conserve water, and these areas often host specialized wildlife and mineral resources.

4. Temperate Forests

• Location: Found in the southern regions of South America, including parts of Chile and Argentina, especially in the Andes foothills and Patagonia.
• Characteristics: These forests have a mix of deciduous and evergreen trees, such as oak, beech, and conifers. The climate is more temperate, with distinct seasons, including cold winters and warm summers.
• Significance: Temperate forests are important for timber production, biodiversity, and maintaining local water cycles.

5. Mountain Vegetation (Andean Vegetation)

• Location: The Andes Mountain range, stretching along the western edge of South America.
• Characteristics: Vegetation changes with altitude. At lower altitudes, there are forests, while at higher elevations, the vegetation becomes alpine grasslands and shrubbery. The highest regions have very little vegetation, with some areas only supporting moss and lichen.
• Significance: The Andean highlands are home to unique plant species adapted to extreme conditions and are crucial for indigenous agriculture, including crops like potatoes and quinoa.

6. Mediterranean Vegetation

• Location: Found in the central region of Chile along the coast, similar to the Mediterranean climate.
• Characteristics: Characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Vegetation includes shrubs, hardy trees, and grasses, often adapted to survive in dry conditions, with a mixture of drought-resistant plants like olive trees and chaparral.
• Significance: This region is important for agriculture, particularly for fruits, wine, and olives.

7. Mangrove Forests

• Location: Coastal regions along the northern and eastern coasts, particularly in Brazil, Venezuela, and parts of the Caribbean.
• Characteristics: These unique coastal ecosystems are dominated by salt-tolerant trees, such as mangroves, which thrive in brackish water and tidal areas.
• Significance: Mangrove forests protect coastlines from erosion, provide habitats for marine life, and are vital for local fishing industries.

8. Tundra and Shrubland

• Location: Found in the southernmost parts of Argentina and Chile, in regions like Tierra del Fuego and parts of Patagonia.
• Characteristics: This is a cold, windy region with limited plant growth. Vegetation consists of low shrubs, grasses, and mosses, adapted to survive in freezing temperatures and short growing seasons.
• Significance: This region is less populated but is an important habitat for certain species of wildlife and unique plant life.

Conclusion

South America’s natural vegetation is incredibly diverse, reflecting the continent’s varied climates and geographic features. From the lush, biodiverse rainforests of the Amazon to the arid deserts of the Andes, the continent’s vegetation zones support an array of wildlife and are essential to the planet’s ecological balance. These ecosystems are also critical for human economies, providing resources for agriculture, timber, and tourism.

Pluto is not considered a planet because it does not meet all the criteria defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 2006 for a celestial body to be classified as a planet. Here are the three criteria set by the IAU for a celestial body to be considered a planet:

1. Orbit around the Sun: The body must orbit the Sun.
2. Sufficient Mass for a Nearly Round Shape: The body must have sufficient mass for its gravity to pull it into a nearly round (hydrostatic equilibrium) shape.
3. Clear the Neighborhood around its Orbit: The body must have cleared its orbit of other debris, meaning it must be gravitationally dominant in its vicinity.

While Pluto meets the first two criteria (it orbits the Sun and is nearly round), it fails the third criterion. Pluto shares its orbit with other objects in the Kuiper Belt, a region of the Solar System beyond Neptune filled with icy bodies and debris. It has not cleared its neighborhood of other celestial bodies. Because of this, Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet rather than a full-fledged planet. The reclassification demoted Pluto from its status as the ninth planet of the Solar System to one of the many dwarf planets.