Green Taxonomy is a classification system that defines which economic activities are environmentally sustainable. It serves as a guideline for businesses, investors, and policymakers to direct capital towards projects and industries that contribute to environmental goals such as climate change mitigation, pollution reduction, and biodiversity conservation.

Key Aspects of Green Taxonomy

1. Objective-Oriented – It aligns with global sustainability targets, such as the Paris Agreement and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
2. Scientific Basis – It uses scientific criteria to determine whether an economic activity is environmentally beneficial.
3. Policy Framework – It provides a foundation for financial regulations, investment strategies, and sustainable finance initiatives.
4. Avoids Greenwashing – By setting clear definitions, it prevents companies from falsely claiming sustainability.
5. Sector-Specific Guidance – It applies to various industries, including energy, agriculture, transportation, and manufacturing.

Notable Green Taxonomies Around the World

1. EU Taxonomy (European Union) – A leading framework under the European Green Deal, providing detailed criteria for sustainable activities.
2. China’s Green Bond Endorsed Project Catalogue – Defines green investments for bonds and financial markets.
3. ASEAN Taxonomy – A regional initiative to guide sustainable finance in Southeast Asia.
4. India’s Green Taxonomy – Under development to promote sustainable economic activities.
5. UK Green Taxonomy – A framework similar to the EU’s, tailored for the UK’s climate goals.

Why is Green Taxonomy Important?

• Encourages Green Investments – Helps investors and companies identify eco-friendly opportunities.
• Supports Climate Goals – Aligns economic growth with environmental sustainability.
• Creates Market Transparency – Establishes standardized criteria for sustainability claims.
• Reduces Financial Risks – Helps investors assess environmental risks linked to assets.

Green taxonomies are a crucial tool in achieving a sustainable and low-carbon economy by directing capital towards projects that genuinely benefit the environment.

The theory of evolution by natural selection is a fundamental concept in biology that explains how species evolve and adapt over time. Proposed by Charles Darwin in his landmark work On the Origin of Species (1859), it suggests that species change over generations due to variations in traits that affect an organism’s survival and reproduction. These variations are passed down through heredity, and those individuals with traits that are advantageous for survival in a particular environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those beneficial traits to their offspring. Over time, these advantageous traits become more common in the population.

Key Components of Natural Selection

1. Variation:
   • Within any given population, individuals exhibit variation in their traits (such as size, shape, color, behavior, etc.). These variations can be due to genetic differences (mutations) or environmental factors.
   • Some of these variations can affect the individual’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
2. Competition for Resources:
   • In any environment, resources such as food, shelter, and mates are limited. This creates competition among individuals for these resources.
   • Not all individuals can survive and reproduce, so there is a “struggle for existence,” where those with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
3. Survival of the Fittest:
   • The term “fitness” refers to an organism’s ability to survive, reproduce, and pass its genes to the next generation.
   • Individuals with traits that give them an advantage in their environment (such as better camouflage, speed, resistance to disease, or the ability to gather food) are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to their offspring.
   • Over time, these advantageous traits become more prevalent in the population, leading to evolutionary changes.
4. Inheritance:
   • Traits that increase an individual’s fitness are passed down to offspring. This is a key aspect of natural selection because it ensures that beneficial traits are inherited by subsequent generations.
   • Genetic inheritance follows the principles of Mendelian genetics, where traits are passed through genes and alleles.
5. Adaptation:
   • Over time, the population as a whole adapts to its environment, meaning that the frequency of beneficial traits increases, and the population becomes better suited to its specific environment.
   • These adaptations can occur over many generations and can result in significant changes, such as the development of new species.
6. Speciation:
   • As populations of the same species become isolated (geographically, behaviorally, or reproductively), they may evolve independently through natural selection. Over long periods, these isolated populations may accumulate enough genetic differences to become distinct species, a process known as speciation.

Example of Natural Selection in Action

A classic example of natural selection is the case of the peppered moth in England. Before the Industrial Revolution, most of these moths had light-colored wings, which helped them blend in with the light-colored bark of trees. However, as industrial pollution darkened the trees with soot, a genetic variation in the population produced darker moths. These darker moths became less visible to predators, and as a result, they had a higher survival rate and were more likely to reproduce. Over time, the population of moths shifted to predominantly dark-colored individuals in polluted areas.

The theory of evolution by natural selection explains how species evolve over time through the accumulation of beneficial traits that enhance survival and reproduction in a given environment. It involves variation, competition, inheritance, and adaptation, and it provides the mechanism for the diversity of life on Earth. This theory has been supported by extensive evidence from genetics, fossil records, and observations of living species, making it one of the cornerstones of modern biology.

हाँ, शौक (hobbies) व्यक्ति के जीवन को सकारात्मक रूप से प्रभावित करते हैं। ये न केवल मानसिक और शारीरिक स्वास्थ्य को बेहतर बनाते हैं, बल्कि व्यक्तिगत और सामाजिक जीवन को भी समृद्ध करते हैं। यहाँ बताया गया है कि शौक कैसे सकारात्मक प्रभाव डालते हैं:

1. मानसिक स्वास्थ्य में सुधार

• तनाव कम करना: शौक जैसे पेंटिंग, म्यूजिक, गार्डनिंग, या लिखना तनाव और चिंता को कम करने में मदद करते हैं।
• रचनात्मकता बढ़ाना: शौक रचनात्मक सोच को प्रोत्साहित करते हैं, जो मानसिक विकास में सहायक होता है।
• ध्यान केंद्रित करना: शौक व्यक्ति को वर्तमान में जीने और एकाग्रता बढ़ाने में मदद करते हैं।

2. शारीरिक स्वास्थ्य पर प्रभाव

• एक्टिविटी बढ़ाना: नृत्य, योग, साइक्लिंग, या खेल जैसे शौक शारीरिक फिटनेस को बेहतर बनाते हैं।
• हृदय स्वास्थ्य में सुधार: सक्रिय शौक जैसे तैराकी और ट्रैकिंग हृदय को स्वस्थ रखते हैं।

3. नए कौशल सीखना

• शौक के माध्यम से व्यक्ति नए कौशल सीख सकता है, जैसे कुकिंग, फोटोग्राफी, या म्यूजिक इंस्ट्रूमेंट बजाना।
• ये कौशल करियर में भी मददगार हो सकते हैं।

4. सामाजिक जीवन को मजबूत करना

• नए रिश्ते बनाना: शौक जैसे क्लब जॉइन करना या वर्कशॉप में भाग लेना, समान विचारधारा वाले लोगों से जुड़ने का अवसर देता है।
• संचार कौशल: सामाजिक गतिविधियों में भाग लेने से संवाद और नेतृत्व क्षमता बेहतर होती है।

5. आत्म-संतोष और खुशी

• शौक करने से व्यक्ति को अपने आप में खुशी और आत्म-संतोष महसूस होता है।
• यह आत्मविश्वास बढ़ाने और जीवन के प्रति सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण विकसित करने में सहायक होता है।

6. प्रोडक्टिविटी में सुधार

• शौक कार्यक्षेत्र में प्रोडक्टिविटी बढ़ाने में मदद करते हैं। जब व्यक्ति मानसिक रूप से तरोताजा होता है, तो उसका प्रदर्शन बेहतर होता है।

7. जीवन में उद्देश्य और संतुलन

• शौक जीवन को एक उद्देश्य और संतुलन प्रदान करते हैं। वे व्यक्ति को काम और निजी जीवन के बीच संतुलन बनाए रखने में मदद करते हैं।

शौक व्यक्ति के जीवन में ऊर्जा, रचनात्मकता, और सकारात्मकता का संचार करते हैं। ये मानसिक और शारीरिक स्वास्थ्य को बेहतर बनाते हैं, रिश्तों को मजबूत करते हैं, और जीवन को अधिक अर्थपूर्ण बनाते हैं। हर व्यक्ति को अपनी रुचि के अनुसार शौक अपनाना चाहिए।

The correct answer is only two.

Pair 1 is not accurately matched: Devi-Chandraguptam is a Sanskrit drama penned by Vishakhadeva (or Vishakhadatta). The narrative revolves around the Gupta king Ramagupta, who contemplates surrendering his queen, Dhruvadevi, to a Shaka invader. In a twist of fate, his younger brother Chandragupta disguises himself as the queen and infiltrates the enemy camp to eliminate the foe.

Pair 2 is correctly matched: The Hammira Mahakavya is a notable 15th-century Sanskrit epic poem authored by the Jain scholar Nayachandra Suri. It recounts the legendary life of Hammira, a Chahamana king from the 13th century.

Pair 3 is incorrectly matched: The Milinda Pañha, also referred to as the Questions of King Milinda or The Debate of King Milinda, is a prominent Pali Buddhist text attributed to Nagasena. It forms part of the Theravada Buddhist canon and features a dialogue between the Indo-Greek king Menander I (known as Milinda in Pali) and the Buddhist monk Nagasena.

Pair 4 is correctly matched: Somadeva Suri, a 10th-century CE Jain monk from South India, authored the Nitivakyamrtam, also known as the Nectar of the Science of Polity, which serves as a comprehensive guide on statecraft. Notably, the text of Nitivakyamrtam also references Somadeva’s earlier work, the Yashastilaka.