The correct answer is: From hunting-gathering to settled agriculture.

Explanation:

The Neolithic Revolution marks a significant transformation in human history when societies shifted from a nomadic, hunting-gathering lifestyle to one of settled agriculture and domestication of animals. This transition occurred around 10,000 BCE in different parts of the world.

Key Features of the Neolithic Revolution:

1. Agriculture:
   • Cultivation of crops like wheat, barley, rice, and maize began.
   • It allowed for food surplus, leading to population growth.
2. Domestication of Animals:
   • Animals like sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated for food, labor, and other resources.
3. Sedentary Lifestyle:
   • People started living in permanent settlements, giving rise to early villages and communities.
4. Stone Tools:
   • Tools became more specialized, such as sickles and grinding stones for farming activities. However, metal tools came much later.
5. Social Organization:
   • With surplus food, societies began to develop divisions of labor and complex social structures.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

1. From stone tools to metal tools:
   • This transition occurred later, during the Chalcolithic and Bronze Ages.
2. From nomadic life to urbanization:
   • Urbanization happened much later, during the Bronze Age, after the development of cities like those in Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley.
3. From nomadic life to urbanization (duplicate option):
   • Urbanization was not a direct feature of the Neolithic Revolution.

Thus, the Neolithic Revolution is best characterized by the transition from hunting-gathering to settled agriculture.

The term “black magic capital of India” is often associated with Mayong, a village located in the Morigaon district of Assam. Mayong has gained this title due to its historical association with mystical practices, black magic, and witchcraft, which are deeply rooted in its cultural heritage.

Why Mayong is Called the Black Magic Capital of India:

1. Historical Significance:
   • Mayong’s name is derived from the Sanskrit word “Maya,” meaning illusion, which aligns with its mystical reputation.
   • Historical records and folklore suggest that Mayong was a hub for practitioners of black magic and tantrik rituals.
2. Tantric Practices:
   • Mayong has been a center for tantric practices for centuries, with rituals involving spells, chants (mantras), and yantras (mystical diagrams) passed down through generations.
3. Local Beliefs:
   • The locals believe in the power of black magic for healing, controlling natural forces, and solving personal problems.
4. Artifacts and Literature:
   • Ancient texts and manuscripts about black magic and tantra have been found in Mayong, further solidifying its mystical reputation.
5. Tourism and Cultural Interest:
   • Mayong attracts tourists and researchers interested in mysticism and the occult. The Mayong Central Museum and Emporium preserves artifacts and documents related to black magic practices.

Modern Perspective:

While Mayong’s association with black magic has faded over time, its historical and cultural significance remains a point of interest for historians, spiritual seekers, and tourists. Today, it is also seen as a mystical and enchanting place rather than a center of feared practices.

Sustainable fashion significantly impacts the fashion industry by addressing its environmental, social, and economic challenges. Here are the key ways it influences the sector:

Environmental Benefits

• Reduction of Waste: Sustainable fashion promotes practices that minimize waste generation, such as recycling and upcycling materials. This shift counters the fast fashion model, which often leads to excessive textile waste.
• Lower Carbon Footprint: By utilizing eco-friendly materials and more efficient production methods, sustainable fashion aims to reduce carbon emissions associated with garment manufacturing. This is crucial given that the fashion industry is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions.
• Conservation of Resources: Sustainable practices emphasize the responsible use of natural resources, including water and energy. For instance, organic cotton production uses significantly less water compared to conventional methods.

Social Impact

• Ethical Labor Practices: Sustainable fashion advocates for fair labor conditions, ensuring that workers receive fair wages and work in safe environments. This focus on ethical practices helps combat exploitation in low-wage countries.
• Empowerment of Local Communities: By supporting local artisans and sourcing materials locally, sustainable fashion fosters economic development in communities. This approach helps create jobs and improves living standards.

Economic Implications

• Consumer Demand Shift: There is a growing consumer preference for sustainable products, prompting brands to adapt their offerings. This shift encourages companies to invest in sustainable practices to meet market demands.
• Long-term Profitability: While the initial investment in sustainable practices may be higher, many brands find that these methods lead to cost savings over time through optimized resource use and reduced waste. Additionally, sustainable brands often enjoy enhanced brand loyalty and reputation.

Industry Transformation

• Innovation and Collaboration: The shift towards sustainability encourages innovation in materials and production processes. Brands are increasingly collaborating with each other and with non-profit organizations to develop more sustainable solutions.
• Regulatory Compliance: As governments implement stricter regulations on environmental practices, brands adopting sustainable methods are better positioned to comply with these laws, avoiding potential fines and reputational damage.

Sustainable fashion not only mitigates the negative impacts of traditional practices but also fosters a more ethical, efficient, and economically viable industry. This transition is essential for addressing the pressing environmental challenges faced by the fashion sector while promoting social responsibility.