The term ‘Jal Satyagraha’ was first used during the Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA).

This movement, led by activists like Medha Patkar, protested against the displacement of people due to the construction of large dams on the Narmada River. Jal Satyagraha was a form of protest where villagers stood in water for extended periods to oppose rising water levels caused by dam projects.

So, the correct answer is: Narmada Bachao Andolan.

Indian cinema, particularly Bollywood, has seen a noticeable increase in propaganda-driven films in recent years. Several factors contribute to this shift, including political influence, audience demand, economic interests, and the changing role of cinema in shaping public opinion. Here’s a breakdown of why Indian cinema is moving in this direction:

1. Political Influence and Government Support

Many films today align with the ideology of the ruling party, often glorifying historical and political figures in a manner that supports the government’s narrative.

Filmmakers who create content that aligns with government interests may receive indirect benefits such as tax exemptions, easier clearances, or promotional support.

The rise of nationalism has led to an increase in movies that promote patriotic and religious sentiments, often blurring the line between history and fiction.

2. Audience Demand and Market Trends

There is a growing appetite for films with nationalist themes, especially in small towns and rural areas, where audiences connect with patriotic and religious narratives.

Movies like The Kashmir Files, URI: The Surgical Strike, and The Kerala Story have performed well at the box office, proving that such films have a strong market.

In contrast, socially critical or politically neutral films often struggle to gain traction in today’s polarized environment.

3. Shift from Art to Ideology-Driven Cinema

Bollywood once had a strong tradition of socially conscious films (Mother India, Anand, Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro), but today, ideological films are more prominent.

The industry has increasingly leaned towards dramatizing real-life events with a selective or exaggerated narrative, often prioritizing a specific viewpoint over nuanced storytelling.

4. Economic and Business Interests

Many production houses see propaganda films as a safe bet because they generate controversy, which increases media coverage and ultimately boosts box office collections.

Political-themed movies often benefit from mass screenings, political endorsements, and viral social media campaigns.

Some filmmakers may also align with the ruling establishment to ensure smooth operations in an industry heavily dependent on government regulations.

5. Changing Role of Cinema in Public Discourse

Historically, cinema was a medium for artistic and cultural expression, but today it plays a significant role in shaping public opinion.

Social media amplifies the reach of propaganda movies, making them more influential than ever before.

With the decline of independent journalism and intellectual debate in mainstream media, cinema is filling the void by becoming a tool for ideological storytelling.

6. Suppression of Alternative Narratives

Movies that challenge dominant narratives or criticize the government often face censorship, legal trouble, or public backlash.

Films like Udta Punjab and Lipstick Under My Burkha struggled with censorship, whereas films with a nationalist agenda often receive a smooth release.

Filmmakers may self-censor to avoid controversies, leading to a lack of diverse storytelling in mainstream cinema.

Conclusion

Indian cinema’s tilt towards propaganda films is driven by a combination of political alignment, economic incentives, audience preferences, and the broader role of media in shaping public discourse. While propaganda films have always existed, their increasing dominance raises concerns about artistic freedom and the future of diverse storytelling in Indian cinema.

A Mixture of Experts (MoE) is a machine learning architecture designed to improve model performance and efficiency by combining specialized “expert” sub-models. Instead of using a single monolithic neural network, MoE systems leverage multiple smaller networks (the “experts”) and a gating mechanism that dynamically routes inputs to the most relevant experts. Here’s a breakdown:

How It Works

1. Experts:
   • Multiple specialized neural networks, each trained to handle specific types of data or tasks (e.g., language translation, image recognition).
   • Example: In a language model, one expert might excel at grammar, another at technical jargon, and a third at creative writing.
2. Gating Network:
   • A lightweight neural network that decides which expert(s) to activate for a given input.
   • It assigns weights to experts (e.g., “Use Expert A 80%, Expert B 20%”) based on the input’s features.
3. Combining Outputs:
   • The final prediction is a weighted sum of the experts’ outputs, determined by the gating network.

Key Advantages

• Efficiency: Only a subset of experts is activated per input, reducing computational costs (vs. running a giant model).
• Scalability: Experts can be added incrementally, enabling massive models without proportional resource demands.
• Specialization: Experts become domain-specific “masters,” improving accuracy on niche tasks.

Real-World Applications

1. Large Language Models (LLMs):
   • Models like Google’s Switch Transformer and Mistral AI’s Mixtral use MoE to handle diverse tasks (coding, reasoning, creative writing) efficiently.
   • Example: When you ask ChatGPT about quantum physics, the gating network might route your query to a physics-focused expert.
2. Multimodal AI:
   • Separate experts can process text, images, and audio, then combine insights for unified outputs (e.g., generating a video description).
3. Resource-Constrained Environments:
   • MoE allows edge devices (phones, IoT) to run complex models by activating only necessary experts.

Challenges

• Training Complexity: Coordinating experts and the gating network requires sophisticated algorithms.
• Expert Imbalance: Some experts may be underused (“representation collapse”) if the gating network favors a few.
• Overfitting Risk: Small experts may memorize niche data instead of learning general patterns.

Why MoE Matters

MoE is a cornerstone of cost-effective AI scaling. For example:

• GPT-4 (rumored to use MoE) reportedly achieves human-like versatility by combining 16+ experts.
• Startups like Mistral AI leverage MoE to compete with giants like OpenAI, offering high performance at lower costs.