The Indian Independence Act was passed on 18th July 1947 by the British Parliament. This act paved the way for the partition of India and the creation of two independent dominions, India and Pakistan, effective from 15th August 1947. It marked the end of British rule in India and granted both nations the power to govern themselves.

The Charaka Samhita is considered the first comprehensive work on Ayurveda. It is an ancient Indian text attributed to Acharya Charaka, who is regarded as one of the principal contributors to Ayurvedic medicine. The text primarily focuses on internal medicine (Kaya Chikitsa) and provides detailed knowledge about diagnosis, treatment, pharmacology, and preventive healthcare. It is believed to have been compiled around the 2nd century BCE and is one of the foundational texts of Ayurveda, alongside the Sushruta Samhita (which focuses on surgery) and the Ashtanga Hridaya.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical analysis, algorithms, and computational power to analyze and simulate the behavior of fluids (liquids and gases) and their interactions with surfaces. It involves solving complex mathematical equations that govern fluid flow, heat transfer, chemical reactions, and related physical phenomena.

Key Components of CFD:

1. Governing Equations: At the core of CFD are the Navier-Stokes equations, which describe the motion of fluid substances. These equations are based on:

   • Conservation of Mass: Also known as the continuity equation.
   • Conservation of Momentum: Describes the forces acting on the fluid.
   • Conservation of Energy: Governs heat transfer and thermal effects.

2. Discretization Methods: Since analytical solutions to fluid dynamics problems are often impractical, CFD converts the continuous fluid domain into a finite set of discrete points or elements using methods like:

   • Finite Volume Method (FVM)
   • Finite Element Method (FEM)
   • Finite Difference Method (FDM)

3. Meshing: The fluid domain is divided into smaller elements or cells, forming a grid (mesh). The quality of the mesh affects the accuracy and stability of the simulation.

4. Numerical Solvers: These solvers compute the fluid flow by iterating through the discretized equations over the mesh until the solution converges.

5. Post-Processing: Visualization and analysis of the results, including flow patterns, velocity fields, pressure distribution, and temperature variations.

Applications of CFD:

• Aerospace: Designing aerodynamic components and studying airflow over aircraft wings.
• Automotive: Improving vehicle aerodynamics and internal combustion engine design.
• Civil Engineering: Modeling fluid flows in natural water bodies and infrastructure systems.
• Energy Sector: Simulating combustion processes in power plants and wind flow in wind turbines.
• Biomedical Engineering: Analyzing blood flow in arteries and the performance of medical devices.

Advantages of CFD:

• Cost-Effective: Reduces the need for expensive physical prototypes and experiments.
• Versatile: Can simulate a wide range of fluid behaviors and conditions.
• Predictive Power: Helps in optimizing designs and improving performance.

Challenges of CFD:

• Computationally Intensive: Requires significant processing power and memory.
• Complexity in Modeling: Accurate simulation depends on the choice of models, boundary conditions, and mesh quality.
• Numerical Errors: Discretization and approximation can introduce errors.

CFD has become an indispensable tool across many industries, enabling engineers and researchers to gain deep insights into fluid behavior and optimize systems efficiently. With advancements in computing technology, CFD continues to expand its capabilities and applications.

The Buddha’s teachings are primarily related to practice and sanctity of conduct (moral and ethical living). His philosophy emphasizes right conduct, mindfulness, wisdom, and compassion as the path to enlightenment.

Why Practice and Sanctity of Conduct?

The Buddha taught the Noble Eightfold Path, which includes right speech, right action, and right livelihood— all focusing on ethical and moral behavior.

His teachings emphasize Sīla (moral discipline), which is the foundation for spiritual progress.

The Five Precepts (not killing, not stealing, not lying, not indulging in sexual misconduct, and not consuming intoxicants) highlight the importance of purity in conduct.

Why Not the Other Options?

Self-relating dispute: While Buddhist philosophy addresses conflict resolution through mindfulness and compassion, it does not focus on “self-relating disputes” as a core teaching.

Brahmachari (Celibacy): Though Buddhist monks follow celibacy, lay followers are not required to, making it just one aspect of the monastic path, not the essence of Buddhism.

Religious rituals or practices: Buddhism de-emphasizes rituals, focusing more on wisdom and self-realization rather than external ceremonies.

Conclusion

The Buddha’s teachings primarily focus on the peactice and sanctity of conduct, encouraging ethical living, compassion, and wisdom as the means to liberation.