The Magna Carta, Latin for “Great Charter,” is a foundational document in the history of constitutional governance. It was originally issued in 1215 by King John of England at Runnymede as a result of negotiations between the king and a group of rebel barons who were dissatisfied with his rule.

1. Historical Context:
   • King John faced political unrest due to his heavy-handed rule, high taxes, and failed military campaigns, particularly the loss of Normandy to France.
   • The barons sought to limit the king’s powers and protect their own rights and privileges.
2. Provisions:
   • It established the principle that the king is not above the law.
   • Key clauses protected the rights of the Church, ensured fair treatment of barons, and addressed issues like unjust taxation and the protection of free men from arbitrary imprisonment.
3. Significance:
   • While many clauses dealt with specific medieval grievances, the Magna Carta has broader implications for the development of constitutional law and individual rights.
   • It inspired later documents, including the English Bill of Rights (1689) and the United States Constitution.
4. Legacy:
   • The Magna Carta symbolized the idea of limiting arbitrary authority and promoting the rule of law.
   • Though most of its original clauses have been repealed or replaced, some, like the right to a fair trial, remain cornerstones of legal systems in many democratic countries.
5. Key Clause Still in Force:
   • One famous clause states: “No free man shall be seized or imprisoned… except by the lawful judgment of his equals or by the law of the land,” laying the groundwork for habeas corpus.

While its immediate effects in 1215 were limited, as King John sought to annul it shortly afterward, the Magna Carta’s reissues and legacy played a vital role in shaping modern concepts of liberty and justice.