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Among the following given below who was known as ‘The Father of Indian Space Program’ ? select any one of the options.
Among the following given below who was known as ‘The Father of Indian Space Program’ ?
select any one of the options.
How sand volcanos are formed?
How sand volcanos are formed?
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Sand volcanoes, also known as sand boils, are formed when pressurized water and sand are forced upward through overlying layers of soil, creating cone-shaped mounds that resemble miniature volcanoes. This phenomenon typically occurs in areas affected by seismic activity or where there is rapid loadiRead more
Sand volcanoes, also known as sand boils, are formed when pressurized water and sand are forced upward through overlying layers of soil, creating cone-shaped mounds that resemble miniature volcanoes. This phenomenon typically occurs in areas affected by seismic activity or where there is rapid loading on water-saturated soils. Here’s a detailed explanation of the process:
1. Presence of Saturated Soil
Sand volcanoes form in areas with loose, water-saturated sandy soils, such as riverbanks, coastal regions, or areas with shallow water tables.
2. Application of Pressure
Seismic Activity: During an earthquake, seismic waves generate intense shaking, increasing the pressure in pore water between sand grains.
Rapid Loading: Sudden heavy loads, like construction or flooding, can also create high pore water pressure.
3. Liquefaction
The increase in pore water pressure can cause the soil to lose its strength and behave like a liquid—a process known as soil liquefaction.
4. Ejection of Water and Sand
As the pressure builds, water and sand are forced upward through weak points in the overlying soil, creating fissures or vents.
The ejected materials pile up around the vent, forming a small cone-shaped mound, resembling a miniature volcano.
5. Formation of the Cone
The sand and water eventually settle, leaving a cone-shaped structure made of sand. Sometimes, fine sediments are deposited in and around the vent, forming a crater-like depression.
6. Post-Event Features
Sand volcanoes often leave behind circular or elongated patterns on the ground surface, providing evidence of past seismic activity.
Examples of Sand Volcano Formation
Earthquake-Triggered: During major earthquakes, such as the 1964 Alaska earthquake or the 1995 Kobe earthquake, numerous sand volcanoes were observed in liquefied areas.
Human-Induced: Sand boils can also occur during construction projects involving rapid soil loading.
These formations are not dangerous in themselves but often indicate underlying soil instability, which can pose significant risks to infrastructure and buildings in the affected area.
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Dr. Vikram Sarabhai is widely regarded as the "Father of the Indian Space Program." He was an exceptional scientist, visionary, and institution builder who played a pivotal role in laying the foundation of space research and development in India. Key Contributions: 1. Establishment of ISRO: Dr. SaraRead more
Dr. Vikram Sarabhai is widely regarded as the “Father of the Indian Space Program.” He was an exceptional scientist, visionary, and institution builder who played a pivotal role in laying the foundation of space research and development in India.
Key Contributions:
1. Establishment of ISRO:
Dr. Sarabhai was instrumental in establishing the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in 1969, envisioning space technology as a tool for national development.
2. Vision for Space Science:
He believed in harnessing space technology for the benefit of common people, focusing on applications like communication, weather forecasting, and education.
3. Launch of India’s First Satellite:
Under his guidance, India began the work that eventually led to the successful launch of Aryabhata, the country’s first satellite, in 1975.
4. Institution Building:
He established premier institutes like the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in Ahmedabad, which became a hub for space and atmospheric research.
He was also involved in setting up the Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Ahmedabad.
5. International Collaboration:
Dr. Sarabhai was instrumental in securing support from NASA for the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE), a landmark project to bring education to remote areas using satellite technology.
Awards and Honors:
Padma Bhushan (1966)
Padma Vibhushan (posthumously, 1972)
Dr. Vikram Sarabhai’s legacy continues to inspire ISRO and the nation, making him a towering figure in India’s scientific and technological achievements.
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